Controllable physicochemical properties of WO_x thin films grown under glancing angle

• Rupam Mandal,
• Aparajita Mandal,
• Alapan Dutta,
• Rengasamy Sivakumar,
• Sanjeev Kumar Srivastava and
• Tapobrata Som

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 350–359, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.31

• , heterostructures having an n-type WOx layer on various p-type substrates such as p-Si [12][13], Cu2O [14], NiO [15], p-ZnO nanowires (NWs) [16], diamond [17], and BiVO4 [18], have a great technological importance in the field of heterojunction solar cells, LEDs, and resistance random access memory (RRAM) devices

Silver-based SERS substrates fabricated using a 3D printed microfluidic device

• Phommachith Sonexai,
• Minh Van Nguyen,
• Bui The Huy and
• Yong-Ill Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 793–803, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.65

• ], porous aluminum oxide [38], and semiconductors [39] have been reported. Dielectric and semiconductor substrates, such as ZnO nanowires, silicon nanowires, and porous silicon (PS), are particularly popular because of their larger contribution to the amplification of the Raman signal and longer shelf life

Zinc oxide nanostructures for fluorescence and Raman signal enhancement: a review

• Ioana Marica,
• Fran Nekvapil,
• Maria Ștefan,
• Cosmin Farcău and
• Alexandra Falamaș

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 472–490, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.40

• substrate covered with polystyrene spheres by atomic layer deposition, followed by electrodeposition, which was used to grow ZnO nanowires onto the surface. The Au layer was deposited after burning off the polystyrene spheres by electron beam evaporation while monitoring its thickness. Considering the

• density of the free carriers or by creating “hot spots” on the ZnO nanosubstrates. For example, it has been observed that randomly oriented ZnO nanowires showed higher SERS enhancement than aligned ones [31], meaning that randomly oriented nanostructures may generate more “hot spots”. One of the most

Nanogenerator-based self-powered sensors for data collection

• Yicheng Shao,
• Maoliang Shen,
• Yuankai Zhou,
• Xin Cui,
• Lijie Li and
• Yan Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 680–693, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.54

• . Lee et al. proposed a based Hg2+ ion sensor based on ZnO nanowires and carbon nanotubes for detecting toxic pollutants [17]. The ZnO nanowire (NW) array acted as power source. When Hg2+ ions were detected, the system powered a light-emitting diode (LED). Li et al. designed a self-powered heavy metal

A self-powered, flexible ultra-thin Si/ZnO nanowire photodetector as full-spectrum optical sensor and pyroelectric nanogenerator

• Liang Chen,
• Jianqi Dong,
• Miao He and
• Xingfu Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1623–1630, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.145

• can greatly improve the portability and durability of the flexible PDs. In this work, a new type of self-powered high-performance full-spectrum flexible PDs consisting of ultra-thin p-Si/n-ZnO nanowires (NWs) is fabricated. The working mechanism of PDs based on p-Si/n-ZnO heterojunctions for PENGs is

Graphene-enhanced metal oxide gas sensors at room temperature: a review

• Dongjin Sun,
• Yifan Luo,
• Marc Debliquy and
• Chao Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2832–2844, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.264

• components is equal, which accounts for the improved sensing performance to CO at room temperature. Wang et al. [52] mixed ZnO nanowires, prepared via carbothermal reduction, with GO under a protective gas atmosphere (Ar) at 300 °C to synthesize ZnO–rGO hybrids. Although the response to NH3 was not as well

Nonlinear effect of carrier drift on the performance of an n-type ZnO nanowire nanogenerator by coupling piezoelectric effect and semiconduction

• Yuxing Liang,
• Shuaiqi Fan,
• Xuedong Chen and
• Yuantai Hu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1917–1925, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.183

• vertically aligned ZnO nanowires [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27]. The principle of nanogenerators is that the piezoelectric potential produced by the piezoelectric effect can produce a current in an external circuit when the ZNW is deformed. Specifically, a transversely applied force makes the

Review on nanoparticles and nanostructured materials: history, sources, toxicity and regulations

• Jaison Jeevanandam,
• Ahmed Barhoum,
• Yen S. Chan,
• Alain Dufresne and
• Michael K. Danquah

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1050–1074, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.98

Gas-sensing behaviour of ZnO/diamond nanostructures

• Marina Davydova,
• Alexandr Laposa,
• Jiri Smarhak,
• Alexander Kromka,
• Neda Neykova,
• Josef Nahlik,
• Jiri Kroutil,
• Jan Drahokoupil and
• Jan Voves

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 22–29, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.4

• ]. Sadek et al. fabricated a ZnO nanobelt sensor and tested it for NO2 gas at operating temperatures between 150 and 450 °C. The optimum operating temperature for NO2 detection was in the range between 300 °C and 350 °C [25]. The sensing properties of various ZnO nanostructures (ZnO nanowires and ZnO–SnO2

• core–shell nanowires) were investigated by Hwang and co-workers. The gas response of ZnO–SnO2 core–shell nanowires to 10 ppm NO2 at 200 °C and 300 °C were 66.3 and 12.4, respectively, which is ca. 33- and ca. 8.9-times higher than the respective values of 2.0 and 1.4 for ZnO nanowires [26]. Presently

Metal oxide nanostructures: preparation, characterization and functional applications as chemical sensors

• Dario Zappa,
• Angela Bertuna,
• Elisabetta Comini,
• Navpreet Kaur,
• Nicola Poli,
• Veronica Sberveglieri and
• Giorgio Sberveglieri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1205–1217, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.122

• Figure 1 (bottom) report SnO2 nanowires and ZnO nanowires, respectively. Nanowires were directly grown on the active substrates used for functional characterization. It has been observed that the NiO nanowires were grown thin and long and they showed a dense morphology covering the whole substrate. The

• diameters of these nanowires were found to lie in the range of 20 to 60 nm. The same holds for tin oxide nanowires, even if in this case nanowires are distributed more uniformly on the substrates. ZnO nanowires exhibit a smaller average diameter (20–50 nm), but they are also shorter and form a very dense

• ), tin dioxide (SnO2) and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanowires was performed by evaporation–condensation on alumina substrates [50]. It consists of a controlled evaporation of metal oxide powder followed by a condensation of vapor on a catalyzing substrate. The main parameters to optimize during evaporation

Synthesis of graphene–transition metal oxide hybrid nanoparticles and their application in various fields

• Arpita Jana,
• Elke Scheer and
• Sebastian Polarz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 688–714, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.74

Performance of colloidal CdS sensitized solar cells with ZnO nanorods/nanoparticles

• Anurag Roy,
• Partha Pratim Das,
• Mukta Tathavadekar,
• Sumita Das and
• Parukuttyamma Sujatha Devi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 210–221, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.23

• technique. Respective efficiencies of 0.87% and 0.72% with VOC of 0.44 V and 0.55 V, have been reported by Zhang et al. and Qi et al., for ZnO nanowires which are noteworthy reports [14][15]. For QDSSCs, a polysulphide electrolyte/Cu2S electrode delivered the best performance instead of the regular I−/I3

Blue and white light emission from zinc oxide nanoforests

• Nafisa Noor,
• Luca Lucera,
• Thomas Capuano,
• Venkata Manthina,
• Alexander G. Agrios,
• Helena Silva and
• Ali Gokirmak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2463–2469, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.255

• gap semiconductor (≈3.4 eV) with large exciton binding energy (60 meV). ZnO nanowires have been shown to yield stimulated emission with optical pumping (e.g., nanowire laser) [4] and have been demonstrated as photodetectors [5]. ZnO films have also been used in transparent thin film transistors [6

The Kirkendall effect and nanoscience: hollow nanospheres and nanotubes

• Abdel-Aziz El Mel,
• Ryusuke Nakamura and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1348–1361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.139

• , they applied their novel approach to synthesize ZnAl2O4 nanotubes containing ZnO nanocrystals. First, rippled ZnO nanowires coated with a 12 nm thick Al2O3 layer were synthesized (Figure 13a) and then annealed at 700 °C for 5 h (Figure 13b). The annealing process results in the transformation of the

Effects of swift heavy ion irradiation on structural, optical and photocatalytic properties of ZnO–CuO nanocomposites prepared by carbothermal evaporation method

• Sini Kuriakose,
• D. K. Avasthi and
• Satyabrata Mohapatra

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 928–937, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.96

• ] have earlier reported the mechanism of formation of ZnO nanowires mediated by Cu–Zn alloys. The mechanism underlying the growth of ZnO nanosheets and nanorods prepared by carbothermal evaporation of ZnO and Cu followed by annealing can be understood as follows: The carbothermal evaporation of ZnO and

Growth and characterization of CNT–TiO₂ heterostructures

• Yucheng Zhang,
• Ivo Utke,
• Johann Michler,
• Gabriele Ilari,
• Marta D. Rossell and
• Rolf Erni

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 946–955, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.108

• on large area polystyrene bead arrays [31]. After removing the polystyrene, a transparent, electrically conductive, hollow sphere array was obtained on top of which an urchin-inspired nanobuilding block design of a solar cell with n-type ZnO nanowires could be realized by using electrochemical

Integration of ZnO and CuO nanowires into a thermoelectric module

• Dario Zappa,
• Simone Dalola,
• Guido Faglia,
• Elisabetta Comini,
• Matteo Ferroni,
• Caterina Soldano,
• Vittorio Ferrari and
• Giorgio Sberveglieri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 927–936, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.106

• individual thermoelectric properties. ZnO nanowires were fabricated by physical vapour deposition (PVD) technique in a tubular furnace [23], while CuO nanowires were synthesized by thermal oxidation [24] (see Experimental for further details). Figure 1a and Figure 1b show the scanning electron microscopy

• (Table 1). Thermoelectric power factor (TPF) was estimated for both CuO and ZnO nanowires, based on sheet resistance Rs. The electrical conductivity was calculated as σ = 1/(Rs·h), where h is the thickness of each strip. We found values of σ of 2.0 S/m for copper oxide and 0.7 S/m for zinc oxide. While

• for CuO nanowires the electrical conductivity in consistent with literature [5], the electrical conductivity of ZnO nanowires is orders of magnitude lower than expected [30]. We believe that in the case of CuO nanowires, the bulk approximation for the estimate of electrical conductivity is appropriate

Nanostructure sensitization of transition metal oxides for visible-light photocatalysis

• Hongjun Chen and
• Lianzhou Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 696–710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.82

• the band alignment between CdS and CdSe, the co-sensitized ZnO nanowire arrayed photoanode exhibited almost the entire visible-light absorption and fast electron transfer from CdSe quantum dots to ZnO nanowires and thereby the IPCE value can reach 45% at 0 V vs Ag/AgCl, as demonstrated in Figure 4c

A visible-light-driven composite photocatalyst of TiO₂ nanotube arrays and graphene quantum dots

• Donald K. L. Chan,
• Po Ling Cheung and
• Jimmy C. Yu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 689–695, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.81

• visible-light-driven photocatalysis [35][36]. Very recently, the combination of GQDs with CdS-modified TNAs was reported for photoelectrochemical hydrogen production. However, GQDs did not enhance the activity of bare TNAs in the study [37]. GQDs have also been chemically coupled with ZnO nanowires for

Characterization and properties of micro- and nanowires of controlled size, composition, and geometry fabricated by electrodeposition and ion-track technology

• Maria Eugenia Toimil-Molares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 860–883, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.97

• the template method in combination with electrodeposition of semiconductor nanowires (such as ZnO, Si, or ZnTe) has been rather limited. Cylindrical ZnO nanowires have been electrochemically grown from aqueous solutions in the pores of both alumina and etched ion-track membranes with a rather limited

• range of diameters. Lai et al. reported the synthesis of ZnO nanowires using a ZnSO4-based electrolyte at 22 °C, and a Zn(NO3)2-based solution at 70 °C [92]. Enculescu and co-authors reported the fabrication and optical characterization of ZnO wires with diameters between 80 nm and 1.5 µm, deposited in

• etched ion track membranes using a Zn(NO3)2-based electrolyte at 70 °C, with a Pt foil and a SCE electrode as counter and reference electrodes, respectively [93]. By appropriately tuning the composition of the electrolyte, they also synthesised doped ZnO nanowires. By using, for instance, an electrolyte

Functionalised zinc oxide nanowire gas sensors: Enhanced NO₂ gas sensor response by chemical modification of nanowire surfaces

• Eric R. Waclawik,
• Jin Chang,
• Andrea Ponzoni,
• Isabella Concina,
• Dario Zappa,
• Elisabetta Comini,
• Nunzio Motta,
• Guido Faglia and
• Giorgio Sberveglieri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 368–377, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.43

• (THMA) and dodecanethiol (DT), was studied. The response towards ammonia, nitrous oxide and nitrogen dioxide was investigated for three sensor configurations, namely pure ZnO nanowires, organic-coated ZnO nanowires and ZnO nanowires covered with a sparse layer of organic-coated ZnO nanoparticles

• . It is proposed that the ΔR/R enhancement in this case originates from the changes induced in the depletion-layer width of the ZnO nanoparticles that bridge ZnO nanowires resulting from THMA ligand binding to the surface of the particle coating. The heightened response and selectivity to the NO2

• . The presence of a C–O stretching peak near 1100 cm−1 and an N–H peak near 3300 cm−1 in the spectrum of a THMA-functionalised ZnO nanowire sensor Figure 3 also revealed that THMA adsorbed to the ZnO nanowires. The FTIR evidence for the successful functionalisation of ZnO sample surfaces by DT and THMA

Ultraviolet photodetection of flexible ZnO nanowire sheets in polydimethylsiloxane polymer

• Jinzhang Liu,
• Nunzio Motta and
• Soonil Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 353–359, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.41

• Jinzhang Liu Nunzio Motta Soonil Lee School of Chemistry, Physics & Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, 4001, Australia Division of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon, 443-749, Republic of Korea 10.3762/bjnano.3.41 Abstract ZnO nanowires are

• photoresponse. Keywords: permeable polymer; photoresponse; polydimethylsiloxane; UV photodetection; ZnO nanowires; Introduction ZnO is a direct wide band gap semiconductor with a 3.37 eV gap and a high exciton binding energy of 60 meV at room temperature, which is promising for optoelectronic applications

• photodetectors based on ZnO films or nanocrystals have been reported. It has been demonstrated that ZnO nanowires have high internal photoconduction gain and much stronger responsivity under UV-light illumination compared to the bulk film [3]. The UV photoresponse mechanism of ZnO nanowires is dominated by the

Highly efficient ZnO/Au Schottky barrier dye-sensitized solar cells: Role of gold nanoparticles on the charge-transfer process

• Tanujjal Bora,
• Htet H. Kyaw,
• Soumik Sarkar,
• Samir K. Pal and
• Joydeep Dutta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 681–690, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.73

• electrons is high at each interface. Law et al. [5] proposed the use of single crystalline zinc oxide (ZnO) nanowires instead of the widely used titanium oxide (TiO2) porous thin film to reduce the probability of electron recombination in the DSSC by providing a direct pathway for the electrons to diffuse